A primate is a monkey, ape, human, or other similar mammal. The Eocene epoch, which began approximately 54 MYA and ended about 34 MYA, is marked by the disappearance of Purgatorius and the first appearance of primates that more closely resemble modern-day primates, especially in the fact that they possess postorbital bars composed entirely of bone. Tonkin snub-nosed monkey: Rhinopithecus avunculus: 250: CRPrimates tend to have longer lifespans than most other mammals. Almost all monkeys have tails; apes do not. Most primates live in groups. These different types have many physical features in common. By virtue of their genetic, anatomical, and physiological similarities to humans, NHPs afford unique opportunities to explore aspects of human health, disease, development, and evolution that would otherwise prove challenging to explore in more evolutionarily. Second, we quantified phylogenetic signal in primates for 31 variables, including body mass, brain size, life-history, sexual selection, social organization, diet, activity budget, ranging patterns and climatic variables. Abnormal behavior in nonhuman primates (“primates” hereafter) is often broadly defined as behavior that deviates qualitatively or quantitatively from behaviors performed by conspecifics in their natural habitat (see Erwin, 1979 for an example). Koalas are the only non-primates with fingerprints. 03 to 130 kg) 3. PI for most primate species, including chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans, is typical for the mammals, in that female primates invest heavily both pre-natally and post-natally in the care and feeding of infants. primatology: [noun] the study of primates especially other than recent humans (Homo sapiens). To. True. A primate is any mammal of the group that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Study Chapter 7- InQuizitive Quiz flashcards. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority ( title of authority) or (usually) ceremonial precedence ( title of honour ). Perhaps most commonly known outside psychology are the. 2. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini, the latter of which consists of the family Cercopithecidae ( Old. Although primate locomotion can be quite diverse, there are five locomotor modes observed most often among the nonhuman primates (Fig. 003. It’s a story of island conquests, shrinking bodies, tangled branches and ancient relics. 352. Noninvasive Sampling of Primates. There is debate over the origin of the anthropoids, i. These primates also have a flatter, more open face with a higher forehead than the chimpanzees and--to top it all off--an attractive coiffure with long, fine, black hair neatly parted in the middle. 2. Primate - Evolution, Paleontology, Adaptations: The range of supposed primates was possibly extended to the Late Cretaceous by the discovery of teeth representing insectivore-like primates of the genus Purgatorius. Primate Evolution • Primate – member of the mammalian order that includes prosimians, monkeys, apes & humans. The simians are sister to the tarsiers, collectively forming the haplorhines. That is, two primates living in the same forest may be eating the same foods but in vastly different proportions, and so we. While naming it that way may have. Compare and contrast prosimians and anthropoids. The class Mammalia has been further categorized into 19 subtaxa called orders. Primate - Evolution, Adaptation, Diversity: Early primates were small creatures. Compared to most mammals, primate. The great apes are the smartest of all nonhuman primates, with orangutans and chimpanzees consistently besting monkeys and lemurs on a variety of intelligence tests, Duke University. Many primates struggle from the bushmeat trade, logging, and habitat destruction. After a long, hot morning of mapping and surveying for fossils, they decided to head back to the vehicle. The primate city is usually very expressive of the national culture and often the capital city. 67 Using non-human primates (NHP), a model that has faithfully predicted protective efficacy of 68 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in humans, 27,28 herein we demonstrate. Over the past decades, primate populations have been declining. Early Stone Age Tools. They have opposable thumbs and hands, which allow. In general, a primate is a mammal that has relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws, arms that can rotate around shoulder joints, a strong clavicle, binocular vision, and a welldeveloped cerebrum. Orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and humans- these are the five. Great apes, for example, are able to recognize themselves in mirrors (monkeys and. noun, plural: primates. Primates are one of at least twenty Orders belonging to the Class Mammalia. b. Though most non-primates possess a small brain, some. Mouse lemurs are forest dwellers that live in female-dominated groups of up to 15 animals. , fighting) over resources that are large and worth defending (fruit is a good example of a food resource over which primates will fight) or individuals engage in indirect competition (e. As our closest living relatives, nonhuman primates play important roles in the cultures and. Oligocene. Non-Human Primates (NHP) To review the large number of NHP that are used in biomedical research please see link below. primate. Primate - Evolution, Behavior, Anatomy: Primates occupy two major vegetational zones: tropical forest and woodland–grassland, and their adaptive diversity is probably related to. opposable thumbs and (in nonhuman primates) opposable big toes; the presence of five digits (fingers or toes) on the appendages; flat nails instead of curved claws; pads at the tips of the. Cranial capacity: the capacity or size of the brain case and therefore the brain. K. Color vision occurs in all primates that are. Observe qualities of skulls of severalferent species in comparison to the unknown skull. Primates evolved from forest-dwelling ancestors. Primate, in zoology, any mammal of the group that includes the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Primates radiated in arbo. In particular, there is a lengthening of the prenatal period and the postnatal period of dependency of infants on adults, providing an extended opportunity for learning in juveniles. By the simplest definition, primatology is the study of non-human primates. The penis is not attached to the abdominal wall but hangs free, and the testes usually lie permanently in the scrotal sac. The most common social organization in primates is group living. 10 Most Primate Cities by Times Larger than Respective 2nd City: Bangkok, Thailand – 29. It seems that an increased period of juvenile and adolescent life correlates with a progressive elaboration of the brain and its size, and. FULL STORY. Primates tend to have longer lifespans than most other mammals. , eating food before another individual gets to it), which occurs. Introduction. Because of this, it’s difficult to bring together the behavior of primates in a single article, as each of the more than 200 species in this group displays complex and unique behavior. Primates also have an excellent sight. They vary in size from the tiny mouse lemur, weighing in at a whopping two ounces to the male silverback gorilla who can weigh up to 400 pounds. e. adaptation to life in the trees. The front of the ape skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone, and by post-orbital constriction . Watts, in Basics in Human Evolution, 2015 Reciprocity and Mutualism. g. Non-primates are, at the end of the day, non-primates. Primates are an order of mammals. Their diet depends on the species and the environment in which they live. [1] One of the oldest known primate-like mammal species, Plesiadapis, came from North America; [2] another, Archicebus, came from China. g. Primates Behavior Characteristics A. g. 25. 08. This information is not only useful to preserve primate species in the wild; it also aids physical anthropologists specializing in other. Some are vegetarian while others are omnivores. Explanation: Hope this helps. Primate - Reproduction, Social Behavior, Anatomy: Primates have a high degree of variation in reproductive organs. They include the lemur s (more than 70 species in six families), the lorises (three or more species in one subfamily), the tarsier s (six or more species in one family), the New World monkeys (almost 100 species in five families), the Old World monkeys (more than 100 species. 4. Simiiformes. Note there are primates in other families that also lack tails, and at least one, the pig-tailed langur, is known to walk significant distances bipedally. The few fossils from the Pliocene include Dolichopithecus and. & Gonder, M. For most primates, including the saki, the tail is not prehensile, but rather has an essential role in balance and weight distribution. Over the past decades, primate populations have been declining. One of the more intriguing unresolved questions is the origin of primates. The major kinds of primates are humans, apes , monkeys , tarsiers , lemurs , and lorises . 7 The Evolution of Primates. But there is a gr. First, primates have larger eyes than many other. Unlike many animals, primates do not migrate. The physical, behavioral, and ecological attributes of each of the major groups of primates will be discussed. 29 1 - 0 01:00 Crc1Puntarenas - LD Alajuelense 27 21 52 3. . 9 million years ago) and are thought to be among the earliest and most primitive primates to appear in the fossil record. This term applies to all wildlife species, including threatened and endangered, used for meat. For example: Friderun Ankel-Simons, in “Preface to the Second. Critically Endangered Primates. Many primates, including humans, are unique among mammals because they are trichromats who possess three types of pigments that allow them to perceive a richer array of colors compared to. , body mass varies from 0. Too many species are in deadliest peril — learn how many are on the brittle edge of extinction. For this reason scientists believe that they may. Walking upright may have helped this species survive in diverse habitats, including forests and grasslands. Primatologists are united by a common interest in study subjects, but not necessarily by uniformity in academic training. Their diet depends on the species and the environment in which they live. A large brain capable of processing new information was a big advantage during times of dramatic climate change. Size, diet, ecology, locomotion, and anatomy provide a constellation of causes and effects that are critical factors in the evolution of the primates. Small Mammal House hosts several other species of primates, including golden lion tamarins, golden-headed lion tamarins, red-ruffed lemurs and pale-headed saki. The last common ancestor of all extant primates lived between 63. primate (plural primates) (ecclesiastical) In the Catholic Church, a rare title conferred to or claimed by the sees of certain archbishops, or the highest-ranking bishop of a present or historical, usually political circumscription. They include monkeys, apes, and lemurs, amongst others. diurnal. Subsequently, primates tend to have very long life spans, mature later in their lives, and take care of their young. They are placental mammals with good. 103. However, the debate continues over the geographic locale most consistent with the existing fossil record , , , , , , -. There is debate over the origin of the anthropoids, i. a crevice. Apes (Hominoidea) are a group of primates that includes 22 species. g. More closely related mammals also vary in tooth form depending on diet, albeit in subtler ways; such is the case with primates (Figure 2). The study of primates assists in the preservation of their species in the wild. The term “monogamy” has undergone redefinition over the years, and is now generally understood to refer to certain social characteristics rather than to genetic monogamy. Summaries of primate diversity by global region and taxonomic category. Primate. 583. “Primates with large brains have really superior processing,” says Kaas. The strongest evidence linking these proto-primates or Plesiadapiformes to primates comes in the form of Carpolestes simpsoni, a pleasiadapid found in Wyoming, USA. Known as plesiadapiforms, these proto-primates lacked. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia – 11. It includes all lemurs, monkeys and apes, including humans. Los primates son animales con los que tenemos un parentesco innegable, no solamente por el físico sino también por el comportamiento. g. Primates also have an excellent sight. Download Complete Chapter Notes of Animal Kingdom Download Now. 2 percent genetic difference between modern humans and chimpanzees throughout much of their genetic code. Olive baboon. These include a clawlike nail on the second toe, referred to as a grooming claw, and incisors in the lower jaw that are tightly packed together and protrude from the mouth, forming what is. Fossils include Pliopithecus, Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus, Oreopithecus, and Morotopithecus. All members of this class share certain characteristics, including, among other things, having fur or hair, producing milk from mammary glands, and being warm-blooded. physical anthropology, branch of anthropology concerned with the origin, evolution, and diversity of people. Morphology yields clues to platyrrhine origins. Fossil Primates. Brains sizes of lower primates have similar. However, what all primates do have in common. 2. A primate is any mammal of the group that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. Any of a group of placental mammal s, particularly the prosimian s and the simian s. Primate City Rule. Characteristics of Primates. Below we outline evidence of primates’ understanding of how others perceive the world, and then consider how the evidence from both deception and cooperation fits this framework to give us a more complete understanding of the evolution of social cognition in primates. single female and her offspring. There are four different theories of our ancestry, each with its share of supporters: (1) adapoid, (2) omomyoid, (3) tarsier, or (4) independent origin as yet undiscovered. The nearest thing to a textbook in the field, Groves’s Primate Taxonomy (2001), adopted this concept and, under it, recognized over 300 living species of Primates. Primatology is the scientific study of primates. [2] 전 세계에. Primates of the Eocene Epoch. 1. Review. encounters with predators. net dictionary. In fact, the term ape has a. 85 1 - 2 01:00 MexAtlante - Leones Negros 41 34 25 1. 605. Human Evolution • Hominid – primates that walk upright on. e. Our Primate Species Factsheets include general and historic information about the primates. It confirms that humans are primates and that modern humans and chimpanzees diverged from a common ancestor between 8 and 6 million years ago. a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and…. Members of the Order Primates share a last common ancestor varyingly estimated to have lived between approximately 65 and 80 million years ago [15,16,17,18,19,20] with New World monkeys diverging 40–50 million years ago, Old World monkeys 30–35 million years ago, the ape. 1. How do we know an individual’s age at death? Scientists can sometimes work out how old an individual was at the time of their death. c. Match each taxonomic group of early haplorhine primates to its description. The field of primatology has experienced an explosion of publications on the topic of cultural behavior among nonhuman primates. Definition of primate noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Primates exhibit the highest levels of sexual dimorphism amongst mammals, therefore the maximum body dimensions included in this list generally refer to male specimens. Étymologiquement, le terme signifie « première. b. , Tarsius spp. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians ( monkeys, including apes and humans ). Taxonomic charts of the living primates can be found below. Notes: A dark colored monkey extends the right foot (in foreground). Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. monkey, in general, any of nearly 200 species of tailed primate, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises. Primate Conservation 24, 1-57 (2009). Primate City Rule. Local changes in facial features are hardly noticeable when the whole face is inverted (rotated 180°), but strikingly grotesque when the face is upright. Flow cytometry was used to test 21 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), raised against alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors and CD3 from human and five animal species, for cross. It seems that an increased period of juvenile and adolescent life correlates with a progressive elaboration of the brain and its size, and. In the Diagram two faces. , eating food before another individual gets to it), which occurs. The simian or anthropoid or larger primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes) of primate monkeys containing the parvorders Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which encompass the superfamilies Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea (together with the genus Homo). A parsimonious interpretation of. Since their ancestors lived in the forest, primates have developed adaptations for a more arboreal or tree-dwelling lifestyle, such as bendable shoulders and dexterous hands. uninformative of evolutionary relationships. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 traits around in primates that distinguish them from other mammals, T/F: According to the primate taxonomy provided in this lab, lemurs are more closely related to tarsiers than they are to lorises. Field Study- Primate behavior study conducted in the habitat in which the primate naturally occurs; Only in the field can the researchers see patterns of behavior that evolved in response to environmental variables. Biological anthropology (also called physical anthropology), then, is an interesting mixture of social studies and biological studies; several other ingredients make it even more fascinating. Ways Anthropologists Protect Primates: - introduce primates raised in captivity into new environments in the wild - study primates in their natural environments - work with local communities in areas where endangered primates live Not Ways Anthropologists Protect Primates: - raise awareness of issue by increasing tourism to the area - studying. Today, the primates’ closest living relatives are the flying lemurs, or colugos, of. Here, we focus on the organization and diversity within the Order Primates. 1. Saddleback and mustached tamarins sometimes feed from holes gouged by pygmy marmosets and have been seen aggressively chasing the smaller primates from the tree in order to feed. Les primates correspondent à un ordre de mammifères, regroupant entre autres les singes, les lémuriens, les loris, les tarsiers ou l’Homme. 2. The quickest way to tell the difference between a monkey and an ape is by the presence or absence of a tail. -Short, slender fore limbs. Nonhuman primates and humans have a high degree of biological similarity in their neurology, immunology, reproduction and development. , Lorises: a. Dental arcade: the shape made by the rows of teeth in the upper jaw. any of an order (Primates) of mammals characterized esp. Read the full Overview here. Michelle Field. Primates have forelimbs that are specially adapted to grasping and holding objects — a good example is the human hand. If you’re unfamiliar with our earliest origins, here are five primates to know. In a more general sense, a carnivore is any animal (or plant; see carnivorous plant) that eats other animals, as opposed to a herbivore, which eats plants. hamadryas), with males. Primates evolved from insectivores (tree shrews, or tupaias, were once classified as the most primitive primates; now they are considered a separate order). Delacour's langur: Trachypithecus delacouri: 234–275: CR: The population of the species has radically decreased over the past decade. primate. ) or carnivory (e. Humans are bipedal, which means they walk on two legs. They are considered to have characteristics that are more "primitive" (ancestral. If you have any specific questions contact the DVR Primate Services in Poolesville at 301-402-3957 or 301-435-4056: For more information, please see the University of Wisconsin Primate Info Net. Most primates have: a. A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. What Is a Primate? Figure 4. Evolutionary anthropology is the study of humankind's place in nature. Most haplorhines are diurnal, or come out during the day. By at least the late Eocene, the first anthropoid primates had evolved. During this time, most placental mammals were small, probably nocturnal, and probably avoided predators via camouflage and slow, quiet movement. A primate city [1] is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy. We also examined the. for group defense against predators. Dental Detection. List of primates contains the extant species in the order Primates and currently contains 16 families and 72 genera. West African chimpanzees, for instance,. The journal welcomes for consideration manuscripts from all areas of primatology. The largest is. Abstract. Both ape and monkey species use tools to eat otherwise inaccessible foods (Ottoni & Mannu, 2001; Whiten. The foot bones in this skeleton indicate a divergent large toe combined with a rigid foot – it's still unclear what this means concerning bipedal behavior. 5. “ Macaca arctoides ” by Frans de Waal is licensed under CC BY 2. the ability to move on four limbs. The primates are divided into two major taxonomic groups: strepsirrhines, which retain primitive characteristics, such as the lemurs of Madagascar and the bushbabies of Africa, and the more derived haplorrhines, that is, the tarsier, monkeys, and apes. -Elongated tarsal bones. , 2021). The central questions of this unique discipline revolve around reconstructing how humans arose from our primate ancestors, interrogating the attributes that make us distinct, and investigating how our evolutionary past shapes human diversity, health, and society today. Primate (bishop) Primate ( / ˈpraɪmət /) is a title or rank bestowed on some important archbishops in certain Christian churches. Introduction. Some are vegetarian while others are omnivores. d. the difference between introverts and extroverts, The Harlows' study on rhesus. Matia. Nonhuman primates are natural hosts for a variety of infectious agents, many of which are zoonotic, and are also susceptible to many human infectious diseases, such as measles and tuberculosis. 3. nails instead of claws on their fingers and toes. One of the 25 most endangered primates. Here you will find articles on such. Increased restrictions on exportation or reduced availability of nonhuman primates from countries of origin. baboon, (genus Papio), any of five species of large, robust, and primarily terrrestrial monkeys found in dry regions of Africa and Arabia. Find out all about primates, the extraordinary group of animals to which we belong!Primate Behavior. These maintenance behaviours are essential for primates’ physical well being and also provide stimulation. primate. Most primates are omnivores, although there are several groups of primates that have adaptations for pure herbivory (e. To construct this graph, scientists measured the brain cavities of more than 160 early. As we begin exploring the different taxa of primates, it is important to keep in mind the hierarchical nature of taxonomic classification (discussed in Chapter 2) and how this relates to the key characteristics that will be covered. The earliest stone toolmaking developed by at least 2. The proto-primates from this epoch are controversial; some argue that they are related to primates but are not actually primates (hence, "proto-primates"). At the same time, primates share basic developmental and cognitive mechanisms for solving problems, and the emergence of episodic memory and its elements in primates can be viewed as part of an evolved life-history strategy that includes an extended lifespan, a prolonged period of immaturity, developmental flexibility and openness to experience. Most primates have color vision which is comparable to the color vision in birds. 영장류. Those primates most vulnerable to hunting pressures are those dependent on old-growth forest, that weigh at least 4 kg (8. Primates evolved from insectivores (tree shrews, or tupaias, were once classified as the most primitive primates; now they are considered a separate order). Behavioral Evidence. Primates have evolved to eat a variety of different foods. For the sake of space and relative simplicity, the examples in this article are limited to monkeys and apes. This is the rarest form of social organization among the primates. 6 million years ago. c. There is a litany of different reasons for primates and their conservation status being in danger and those will be. a person's internal mental state when in a group setting d. Credit: Sylvain Cordier/Gamma-Rapho via Getty. vertical clinging and leaping. Increased body size is associated with the adoption of supplementary sources of food and led to the transition to quadrupedalism. Asian colobines display a range of social organizations, which makes them good models for investigating social evolution. In fact, most non-human primate species are limited to only one of the following six basic patterns: 1. one-male, multifemale - One-male, multifemale residence patterns are common among primate groups, such as gorillas. 34 2 - 3 00:30 Bra1Fluminense RJ - Sao Paulo SP 35 35 30 2. This is a list of selected primates ordered alphabetically by taxonomic. A primate is a monkey, ape, human, or other similar mammal. Most primates are omnivores, although there are several groups of primates that have adaptations for pure herbivory (e. Primates live in many different social structures, including monogamy, polyandry, single-male groups, multi-male groups, and fission-fusion societies. , Colobinae, Alouatta spp. Primates have evolved to eat a variety of different foods. Monkeys, lemurs and apes are our cousins, and we all have evolved from a common ancestor over the. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mamallia Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens Hope. Essentially, a primate city is considerably larger and more influential than any other city within a country. one-male-several-female group. In fact, the term ape has a. Primates is a taxonomic order that includes a diversified group of animals such as Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes and Humans. First, primates have larger eyes than many other. Taxonomic charts of the living primates can be found below. 204. While all primates eat a variety of foods, what differs among primates are the proportions of each of these food items in the diet. Most primates do not shape their environment in an adaptive way. When most dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago, mammals moved into newly vacated territories and rapidly evolved into many new species--including the ancestors of today's primates. Interaction between adult males and adult females occurs only for sexual activity. Abstract. c. Strong intellectual traditions in primatology emerged after World War II in the US and Canada, Western Europe, and. Primates ideally acquire food with minimal energy investment by choosing clumped food patches that they can remain in for as long as possible. c. 영장류 [1] (靈長類, 문화어: 령장류)는 생물 분류학적으로 영장목 (靈長目, Primates)에 속하는 포유류 로 원원류 ( 여우원숭이 와 로리스, 갈라고, 안경원숭이 포함)와 진원류 ( 원숭이 와 유인원 )를 포함하고 있으며 인간 도 영장류에 속한다. Non-human primates live primarily in the tropical or subtropical regions of South America, Africa, and Asia. primate. Primates are mostly all social organisms who live in families or groups and work together to make life easier. The meaning of PRIMATES is an order of eutherian mammals including humans, apes, monkeys, lemurs, and living and extinct related forms that are all thought to be derived from generalized arboreal ancestors and that are in general characterized by increasing perfection of binocular vision, specialization of the appendages for grasping, and. By at least the late Eocene, the first anthropoid primates had evolved. If the unknown skull and the skull ofAustralopithecus afarensis have the most. We will discuss best types of primates. A large body of literature suggests that these generalisations apply across primates, including lemurs, macaques, mandrills, orangutans, chimps and others; in fact, several studies emphasise the. Primates are mammals in the order Primates. 5-55. Moyà-Solà S, Köhler M. 1 8. all primates excluding the simians. They mainly include species related to lorises, lemurs, gorillas, apes, etc. They had taken a Land Rover out that day to map in another locality. ɪfɔːrmiːz /) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. The great apes are the smartest of all nonhuman primates, with orangutans and chimpanzees consistently besting monkeys and lemurs on a variety of intelligence tests, Duke University. They differ in basic ideas of man, theoretical concepts, investigative methods, and explanatory approaches (Buss 1991; Funder 2007; Cervone and Pervin 2008). It has general information about each super family and family followed by profiles of 134 species. to enhance survival. Advertisement. how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values c. The Most Populous Primates Of The World . , 1994; Beard,. Home Games & Quizzes History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography & Travel Arts & Culture Money Videos. Primate. A "primate" refers to any member of the biological order Primates and contains species that are commonly related such as monkeys, lemurs, bush babies and. They were roughly similar to squirrels and tree shrews in size and appearance. The largest ever study of primates has unveiled surprises about humanity and our closest relatives, providing insight into which genes do, and don. 4. - how primates acquire food. Order Primates of class Mammalia includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. The study of primates provides insight into why humans engage in conflict and warfare. Riestra - Almirante Brown 34 34 32 2.